Молекулярные механизмы микробной биоминерализации: роль белковых молекул

Микробная биоминерализация представляет собой универсальный природный процесс образования и накопления неорганичес- ких минералов, играющий ключевую роль в биогеохимических циклах и в формировании биологических структур. Несмотря назначительный прогресс в изучении данного явления, молекулярные механизмы, опосредованные белковыми молекулами и внеклеточными полимерами, остаются недостаточно систематизированными. Цель исследования – обобщить и систематизировать имеющиеся данные о молекулярных механизмах микробной биоминерализации с акцентом на роль белковых молекул в нуклеации, росте и стабилизации минеральных фаз.
Объекты исследования – научные публикации (2000–2026 гг.) по молекулярным механизмам микробной биоминерализации, включая роль белков и внеклеточных полимеров в нуклеации и росте минеральных фаз. Источники отбирали в базах Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, MDPI и PubMed с предпочтением работ последних 5–10 лет.
Установлено, что биоминерализация реализуется через внутриклеточные и внеклеточные механизмы. У магнитотактических бактерий внутриклеточное образование магнетита происходит в магнитосомах и включает формирование магнитосомной мембраны, поглощение железа, его транспорт в везикулу и кристаллизацию Fe₃O₄. В этих процессах участвуют белки MamB, MamM, MamH и MamZ, связанные с транспортом железа; MamP, MamT, MamX и MamE, регулирующие окислительно-восстановительные реакции, а также MamC, MamD, MamF, MamG, Mms6 и MmsF, контролирующие размер и морфологию кристаллов. При внеклеточной биоминерализации клеточные поверхности и внеклеточные полимерные вещества служат центрами зарождения минералов, а кислые белки, карбоангидразы, флавопротеины и цитохромы c-типа участвуют в осаждении карбонатов, переносе электронов и восстановлении металлов.
Белковые молекулы рассматриваются как ключевые регуляторы микробной биоминерализации. Они обеспечивают транспорт ионов железа и кальция, поддержание pH, перенос электронов, восстановление металлов, зарождение кристаллов и контроль их формы, размера и полиморфной модификации. Описанные механизмы находят применение в разработке биомедицинских наноматериалов, биосенсоров, технологий очистки сточных вод и восстановления минеральных строительных материалов.

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